+Англ, вар 2 (ENGINEERING: ART OR SCIENCE)
Вариант № 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на
русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных
и конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.
1. Art was as important as science for its development a century
ago.
2. The more systematic knowledge you have the more professional
engineer you can become.
3. Chemical industry is one of the most important branches
nowadays.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения,
обращая внимание на оборот there is / there are.
1. There is an engineering plant and some chemical plants in our
region.
2. There are no machine-tool motors here.
3. There are different types of plants, for example, concrete
product plants, paint varnish and lacquer plants, oil refinery and
a lot of others.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные
глаголы или их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. You should call the works manager to discuss the matter in
detail.
2. The foundry is to undergo reconstruction by the end of the
year.
3. One can think of the engineering work as more of an art than a
science.
4. We had to rearrange the industrial process of electric-power
industry and thus to reduce the consumption of electric power.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Science has used experimental and theoretical investigation as
its principal tool since the dawn of modern science.
2. For at least a century and a half we have lived with the
absolute interdependence of science and engineering.
3. By the end of the 18th century most inventions and engineering
developments had come from the practical needs of life and had been
produced by craftsmen and artisans.
4. The fields of science and engineering have been linking closely
for more than hundred years.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на функцию глагола to have.
1. Hardly a few enthusiastic engineers or scientists have to make
the judgment of how much should be done for the society.
2. The volume of our quality production has grown recently.
3. Our factory has to get new investors to take part in expanding
and developing our productive capacity.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
ENGINEERING: ART OR SCIENCE
1. Engineers, particularly in the older age, like to think of their
work as more of an art than a science: Their motives are not
difficult to understand. Until recently, the Arts had a great deal
more social status than science. And the description of one’s work
as an art leaves the impression that it depends more on one’s
personal talents than on anything to be learnt from others. This
has a special attraction for the self-made man. What is more, the
dictionary supports this interpretation, for it defines art as
human skill. In this sense, engineering is certainly an art; but so
is chemistry or riding a bicycle. Skill, after all, is needed for
practically everything. Thus we have a spectrum of human
activities. An activity can produce extremely gratifying results
without using any systematic knowledge. But science, which is
systematic, enables each scientist to build directly upon the work
of others. Science is essentially a social activity while art is
based on individual talent. This is not to say that science
excludes talent. Newton and Einstein must be granted as much
personal genius as any artist. However, the inestimable value of
science is that the systematic combination of many individual
contributions adds up to a great deal more than their arithmetic
sum.
2. This, then, is a background against which we must decide whether
today engineering is an
2. This, then, is a background against which we must decide whether
today engineering is an art or a science. It is necessary to admit
that a century ago it would have been foolish to call it anything
but an art or craft. Though scientific revolution had preceded an
industrial one, the early engineers knew little and cared less
about formal science.
3. But by 1860 physics and chemistry, at least, were beginning to
catch up with engineering, as biology was catching up with
medicine. The German chemical industry was perhaps the first to
introduce science-based engineering, with well-known results. Since
then advances in many branches of engineering without a sound base
in science have become almost unthinkable.
VII Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов
и словосочетаний и выпишите их:1. до недавнего времени
2. вызывать ощущение
3. человек, обязанный всем самому себе
4. умение
5. положительные результаты
6. личный вклад
7. ремесло
8. научная и индустриальная революция
9. химическая индустрия
10. различные отрасли
VIII. Найдите в первом абзаце текста предложение, содержащее
прилагательное в сравнительной степени. Выпишите это предложение,
подчеркните прилагательное, укажите его положительную и
превосходную степень и переведите это предложение.
IX. Найдите в 1, 2 абзацах текста пять случаев употребления
модальных глаголов или их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения,
подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно
переведите предложения на русский язык.
X. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3 абзацы текста.
XI. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.
1. What has a special attraction for the self-made man?
2. What is the difference between art and science from the point of
view of systematic knowledge?
3. Why would it have been foolish to call engineering anything but
an art or craft a century ago? ´
4. What was perhaps the first to introduce science-based
engineering?
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