+Контрольная №4, вар 1 (Division of Labour)
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 4
Вариант 1
1. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните
конструкцию COMPLEX OBJECT, письменно переведите предложения на
русский язык:
1. We want them to take well-thought-out and considered risks.
2. This will allow a company to buy machines one at a time until
they have the whole system.
3. Foreign competition makes most industries concentrate on high
quality and high productivity.
4. The phenomenal growth of the Japanese economy has enabled it to
increase gross military spending by 6% a year.
5. We expect the unemployment rates to grow.
6. A person wants his work to be not only well-paid but to be a
challenge.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните
конструкцию COMPLEX SUBJECT, письменно переведите предложения на
русский язык:
1. They appear to be suitable for the job.
2. Petroleum reserves are thought to be adequate for some time to
come.
3. The effects of loud noise have been known to cause delays in the
work cycle.
4. This fiscal year is not likely to be a very happy one.
5. Economic cooperation is sure to benefit both of the
countries.
6. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain is often said to have
been based on coal and iron.
3. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие
независимый причастный оборот:
1. The situation on the Exchange being favourable, they bought the
shares.
2. The choice having been made, all the other alternatives have
been rejected.
3. The companies must be privatized, no more than 10% of their
shares remaining in government hands.
4. Consensus having been reached, both parties were satisfied.
5. With domestic savings squandered (разбазаривать), the country’s
dependence on foreign finance is increased.
6. Circumstances permitting, the production will be expanded.
4. Прочитайте предложения, содержащие формы сослагательного
наклонения, письменно переведите на русский язык:
1. An ideal solution would be to create partnerships between
industry and science.
2. I suggest that we should get down to business.
3. He looked so miserable as if his business had been ruined.
4. But for deflationary measures the rate of inflation couldn′t
have been slowed down.
5. I wish I had a good book-keeper.
6. Don′t expose these goods to the light lest they should be
spoiled.
5. Письменно переведите условные предложения, определите типы
условных предложений:
1. I won′t go outside the organization to hire managers if I don’t
have to.
2. If demand matched production there would be no need to store
goods.
3. If necessary measures had been taken at the design stage these
faults would have been avoided.
4. If we doubled nuclear capacity we would reduce CO2 emission by
about 6%.
5. Unless America had maintained its technological lead Iran and
Mexico would have flooded the USA with products made from cheap oil
and gas.
6. Technological advance brings many benefits but it also brings
many social evils if it goes unchecked.
6. Письменно переведите текст:
Division of Labour
The division of labour is the specialization of cooperating
individuals who perform specific tasks and roles. Historically, an
increasingly complex division of labour is associated with the
growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and of
the complexity of industrialised processes. The concept and
implementation of division of labour has been observed in ancient
Sumerian (Mesopotamian) culture, where assignment of jobs in some
cities coincided with an increase in trade and economic
interdependence. In addition to trade and economic interdependence,
division of labour generally increases both producer and individual
worker productivity. In contrast to division of labour, division of
work refers to the division of a large task, contract, or project
into smaller tasks–each with a separate schedule within the overall
project schedule. Division of labour, instead, refers to the
allocation
Division of Labour
The division of labour is the specialization of cooperating
individuals who perform specific tasks and roles. Historically, an
increasingly complex division of labour is associated with the
growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and of
the complexity of industrialised processes. The concept and
implementation of division of labour has been observed in ancient
Sumerian (Mesopotamian) culture, where assignment of jobs in some
cities coincided with an increase in trade and economic
interdependence. In addition to trade and economic interdependence,
division of labour generally increases both producer and individual
worker productivity. In contrast to division of labour, division of
work refers to the division of a large task, contract, or project
into smaller tasks–each with a separate schedule within the overall
project schedule. Division of labour, instead, refers to the
allocation of tasks to individuals or organisations according to
the skills and/or equipment those people or organisations possess.
Often division of labour and division of work are both part of the
economic activity within an industrial nation or organisation.
The main focus of Adam Smith′s The Wealth of Nations lies in the
concept of economic growth. Growth, according to Smith, is rooted
in the increasing division of labor. This idea relates primarily to
the specialization of the labor force, essentially the breaking
down of large jobs into many tiny components. Under this regime
each worker becomes an expert in one isolated area of production,
thus increasing his efficiency. The fact that laborers do not have
to switch tasks during the day further saves time and money. Of
course, this is exactly what allowed Victorian factories to grow
throughout the nineteenth century. Assembly line technology made it
necessary for a worker to focus his or her attention on one small
part of the production process. Surprisingly, Smith recognized the
potential problems of this development. He pointed out that forcing
individuals to perform mundane and repetitious tasks would lead to
an ignorant, dissatisfied work force. For this reason he advanced
the revolutionary belief that governments had an obligation to
provide education to workers. This sprung from the hope that
education could combat the deleterious effects of factory life.
Division of labor also implies assigning each worker to the job
that suits him best. Productive labor, to Smith, fulfills two
important requirements. First, it must «lead to the production of
tangible objects». Second, labor must «create a surplus» which can
be reinvested into production.
Another main concern for Smith involved tracing the roots of value.
He identified two different kinds of value, «use value» and
«exchange value». The concept of exchange value interested Smith
considerably. The diamond-water paradox, in particular, proved
puzzling to him: Why is it that diamonds, which have very little
practical use, command a higher price than water which is
indispensable to life? By discovering the true source of value
Smith hoped to find a benchmark for measuring economic growth. The
value of goods can also be referred to as the «natural price». The
natural price need not function as the actual cost of goods in the
marketplace. Competition, however, was expected to push the market
price towards the natural price.
NOTES:
Sumerian[su′miriэn]-шумерский
component[kэm′pounэnt]
isolated[‘aisэleitid]
mundane[‘mandein]-мирской, земной
deleterious[, deli′tiэriэs]-вредный
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